Objective: Given an array of integers which has all the repeating numbers (twice) but two numbers which are non-repeating. Write an algorithm to find out those two numbers.
Example
int [] arrA = {4,5,4,5,3,2,9,3,9,8};
Output: 2 and 8Approaches:
This problem is similar to problem “Find two repeating elements in an array”. There could be multiple solutions like sort the array {O(nlogn)} or use hash map{Time complexity: O(n) , space complexity: O(n)}
In this article we will discuss solution which has time complexity: O(n) and space complexity: O(1), constant extra space.
Use XOR: time complexity: O(n) and space complexity: O(1)
- Let’s say non-repeating elements are X, Y.
- A XOR A = 0
- XOR all the elements of array. This will cancel all the repeated elements.
- Result will be X XOR Y, since only X and Y are not repeating.
- 1 XOR 1 = 0 and 1 XOR 0 = 1 with this logic in the result of X XOR Y if any kth bit is set to 1 implies either kth bit is 1 either in X or in Y not in both.
- Use the above step to divide all the elements in array into 2 groups, one group which has the elements for which the kth bit is set to 1 and second group which has the elements for which the kth bit is 0.
- Let’s have that kth bit as right most set bit (Read how to find right most set bit)
- Now we can claim that these two groups are responsible to produce X and Y.
- Group –1: XOR all the elements whose kth bit is 1 will produce either X or Y.
- Group –2: XOR all the elements whose kth bit is 0 will produce either X or Y.
- See the image below
Code:
Output:
Non Repeating Elements are: 2 and 8